Petroleum Chemistry: U.S.S.R.

Modeling the chemistry of complex petroleum mixtures.

Determining the complete molecular composition of petroleum and its refined products is not feasible with current analytical techniques because of the astronomical number of molecular components. Modeling the composition and behavior of such complex mixtures in refinery processes has accordingly evolved along a simplifying concept called lumping. Lumping reduces the complexity of the problem to...

Petroleum-derived spray oils: chemistry, history, refining and formulation

Modern use of petroleum-derived oils as agricultural crop protectants dates back to the 1800s, but it was not until the latter half of the 20th century that advances in petroleum chemistry allowed substantial modification and diversification in their commercial applicability. In the 1880s, a kerosene–soap emulsion was used with some success against scales and aphids in citrus trees. The search ...

Central Europe & the USSR

Central Europe & the USSR

Hepatic Surgery in the Ussr

The history of hepatic surgery in the USSR goes back to the work of Russian surgeons in the late nineteenth century. The first successful liver resection was performed in Russia by N.V. Sklifosovsky in 1889, further contributions to surgery of the liver were made by M.M. Kuznetsov and V.R. Pensky who suggested the hepatic suture (Figure 1) in 1894 1, 2. At the same time as the topographical stu...